Smoke Studies for Unidirectional & Turbulent Flow How to Perform Smoke Studies for Unidirectional and Turbulent Airflow in Pharma Cleanrooms Smoke studies — also known as airflow visualization studies — are essential in pharmaceutical HVAC validation, particularly for sterile and aseptic processing environments. They offer visual confirmation of airflow patterns, directionality, and cleanliness zone separation. These studies help verify that critical areas are protected by unidirectional airflow, preventing contamination from operators, equipment, and facility design anomalies. Conducting smoke studies correctly and interpreting their outcomes according to regulatory expectations from FDA, EMA, and Annex 1 (2022 update) is crucial for maintaining…